A sustainable
biofuel made from Norwegian forest wood waste could help transform the
shipping industry and reduce global greenhouse gas emissions.
Thursday, 29 May 2014
Saturday, 10 May 2014
Non toxic sorghum offers respite to dry land farmers
Researchers at the University of Copenhagen have launched a new type of the corn-like crop sorghum that no longer becomes toxic in prolonged drought, offering the hope that thousands of farmers may no longer need to discard the crop as a potential killer or suffer millions of shillings in livestock fatalities.
Sorghum, has traditionally been adopted by farmers in the dry areas of Eastern parts of Kenya due to its ability to withstand drought. However, when exposed to prolonged drought, the sorghum plant produces large amounts of dhurrin, which forms toxic cyanide, commonly known as Prussic acid.
Farmers thus face a big dilemma. During a period of drought when they most need food for their animals, they are often forced to discard their sorghum because they do not know how poisonous it is and how much the animals can eat without suffering from cyanide poisoning. In East Africa, for example , where the sorghum has been recording increased uptake as weather pattern changes, farmers lose hundreds of millions of shillings each year as a result:
"The fact that the sorghum plant produces large amounts of the natural cyanogenic glycoside dhurrin when exposed to drought is a serious problem for farmers in many parts of the world. Dhurrin breaks down to form toxic cyanide or Prussic acid when an animal eats the plant. So when there is a drought and most need for forage, the farmer can no longer use the crop and it goes to waste," said Professor of Plant Biochemistry at the University of Copenhagen, Birger Lindberg Møller, during the unveiling of the new crop.
The new sorghum plant is unable to produce Prussic acid. Instead of using genetic engineering, the researchers used plant breeding and advanced biochemical and molecular biological screening methods: "This is a breakthrough which, globally, can be very important for agriculture, especially in warmer areas where climate change is expected to cause longer and more frequent periods of drought in future.
Especially in Africa, where farmers cannot afford to buy new forage in periods of drought, it is a huge step forwards that they will now be able to feed their animals with sorghum they can grow themselves," says Birger Lindberg Moller. This breakthrough comes at a time when farmers have been suffering the effects of prolonged and repeated droughts, which significantly impact animal feeds by making pasture unavailable, and have seen the prices of commercial feeds hitting an all time high in the last two years.
This has seen farmers turn on drought resistant crops like sorghum, but which are then turning out to be dangerous. Last year, some 250 farmers in Eastern province and parts of Coast province lost 15million worth of livestock after feeding them with dried sorghum that had cyanide. The drought had been declared a national disaster with where over 5 million livestock died.
Brown Mang
Wednesday, 30 April 2014
Don't Mimic Nature on the Farm, Improve it by Andrew McGuire
Behind many efforts to make agriculture more sustainable is the idea that our farming systems need to be more like nature. According to agroecologistMiguel Alteri, "By designing farming systems that mimic nature, optimal use can be made of sunlight, soil nutrients, and rainfall." This strategy arises from a long history of thinking that there exists a "balance of nature." This idea has greatly influenced how we look at nature1 and agriculture. In the latter case, it drives much of what is done in organic farming and agroecology, but also finds its way into no-till farming. Nonetheless, it is false, and because it is false we can abandon the restrictive "nature knows best" argument in designing agricultural systems. Instead, we can improve on nature.
The "balance of nature" view and its derivations assume that ecosystems, as integrated communities, maintain themselves in an equilibrium if undisturbed by man. The equilibrium is maintained through governing rules, emergent properties, and self-organization within ecosystems. These properties act not just on the local populations, but on wider communities. Pests, predators, prey, and herbivores are kept in check by complex interactions between species and by a specific mix of species (biodiversity).
It is by these processes and properties that ecosystems have come to be thought of as analogous to organisms, with their own immune systems and other self-regulating mechanisms. In this model, every species has its function, and every interaction is essential for maintaining the overall working balance of the ecosystem.
Such thinking can be traced back to ancient Greece, and was supported by notable ecologists like Eugene P. Odum in his Fundamentals of Ecology (1953), but there have been critics. Henry A. Gleason (1882-1975) rejected the "super-organism" description of plant communities and instead suggested that the makeup of these communities was greatly influenced by chance events, which, within a locale, could result in very different communities; there was no balance, no climax state toward which all of the communities moved.
Other critics have been more forceful. Conservation biologist Michael Soulé writes "the idea that species live in integrated communities is a myth."2Ecologist William Drury, in his studies of forests, found no support for emergent properties, governing rules, or integration3. In his book, The Balance of Nature; Ecology's Enduring Myth4, ecologist John Kricher states it bluntly, "there really is no such thing as a 'balance of nature.' Nor is there purpose to nature." Evolutionarily speaking, Kricher points out, ecosystems do not evolve; they change because organisms change.
In addition to being false, the whole idea of the "balance of nature" is misleading. From it has come the view that ecosystems are a highly complex, integrated system of interactions between species, complexity that is beyond our understanding. The evidence, however, points to different conclusions. Drury reports "once seen, most of the interactions are simple and direct. Complexity seems to be a figment of our imaginations driven by taking the 'holistic' view." Similarly, because ecology (at least until recently) has maintained that "natural communities tend towards equilibrium" Soulé concludes "the science of ecology has been hoist on its own petard." In other words, ecologists have been misled by erroneously seeing what they assumed they would see.
Even as ecologists have, for the most part, abandoned the "balance of nature" thinking, it remains influential in popular thought and in agriculture. R. Ford Denison, in his book Darwinian Agriculture5, takes up this thread and asks the question, "Have ecosystem-level features, such as the mix of species and how they are distributed in space and time, been reliably improved by natural processes?" The answer is "no" according to Denison; natural communities have not been optimized and so we have no reason to mimic these communities in designing agricultural ecosystems. Because of this, Denison questions whether agroecologists, those for whom "the near-perfection of natural ecosystems is apparently the foundational hypothesis," are misguided in promoting certain practices based on this thinking. The evidence, according to Denison, does not support them.
In Darwinian Agriculture, Denison concludes that because "evolution has improved trees much more consistently than it has improved forests," we will find 'nature's wisdom' not in natural ecosystems, but in individual species, where natural selection has improved survival and reproduction. And by looking at adaptations in individual plants and animals, "we may be able to improve on nature."
I agree. If what we see in natural ecosystems is not optimized, but random (stochastic, say the ecologists), we should be able to do just as well or better. We can, with ingenuity, wisdom, and a good dose of humility, purposefully assemble systems that outperform natural ecosystems in providing both products and ecosystem services (Biology Fortified indeed). By taking advantage of individual species' properties and processes, and by managing abiotic conditions (soil physical and chemical properties and water levels, etc.) we can create designer agro-ecosystems, successful by criteria that matter in agriculture; productivity, efficiency, and stability. I propose that this is, in fact, what we have been doing all along (more on this in a followup post), and that the "balance of nature" has only been a distraction from our efforts to improve the sustainability of our agriculture, a distraction that should be decisively cast aside.
<![if !supportLists]>1. <![endif]>Marris, E. (2013). Rambunctious Garden: Saving Nature in a Post-Wild World. Bloomsbury Publishing USA.
<![if !supportLists]>2. <![endif]>Soulé, Michael. 1995. "The Social Siege of Nature." In Reinventing Nature? Responses to postmodern deconstruction. eds. M.E. Soule and G. Lease. Washington: Island Press.
<![if !supportLists]>3. <![endif]>Drury, W.H. 1998. Chance and Change: Ecology for Conservationists. Berkeley: University of California Press.
<![if !supportLists]>4. <![endif]>Kricher, J. (2009). The Balance of Nature: Ecology's Enduring Myth. Princeton University Press.
<![if !supportLists]>5. <![endif]>Denison, R. F. (2012). Darwinian Agriculture: How Understanding Evolution Can Improve Agriculture. Princeton University Press. (Denison's other main thesis in this book is that natural selection has left us few tradeoff-free opportunities for genetic improvement through genetic engineering. Full Disclosure – Denison served as my major professor in graduate school at UC-Davis.). His book blog.
The "balance of nature" view and its derivations assume that ecosystems, as integrated communities, maintain themselves in an equilibrium if undisturbed by man. The equilibrium is maintained through governing rules, emergent properties, and self-organization within ecosystems. These properties act not just on the local populations, but on wider communities. Pests, predators, prey, and herbivores are kept in check by complex interactions between species and by a specific mix of species (biodiversity).
It is by these processes and properties that ecosystems have come to be thought of as analogous to organisms, with their own immune systems and other self-regulating mechanisms. In this model, every species has its function, and every interaction is essential for maintaining the overall working balance of the ecosystem.
Such thinking can be traced back to ancient Greece, and was supported by notable ecologists like Eugene P. Odum in his Fundamentals of Ecology (1953), but there have been critics. Henry A. Gleason (1882-1975) rejected the "super-organism" description of plant communities and instead suggested that the makeup of these communities was greatly influenced by chance events, which, within a locale, could result in very different communities; there was no balance, no climax state toward which all of the communities moved.
Other critics have been more forceful. Conservation biologist Michael Soulé writes "the idea that species live in integrated communities is a myth."2Ecologist William Drury, in his studies of forests, found no support for emergent properties, governing rules, or integration3. In his book, The Balance of Nature; Ecology's Enduring Myth4, ecologist John Kricher states it bluntly, "there really is no such thing as a 'balance of nature.' Nor is there purpose to nature." Evolutionarily speaking, Kricher points out, ecosystems do not evolve; they change because organisms change.
In addition to being false, the whole idea of the "balance of nature" is misleading. From it has come the view that ecosystems are a highly complex, integrated system of interactions between species, complexity that is beyond our understanding. The evidence, however, points to different conclusions. Drury reports "once seen, most of the interactions are simple and direct. Complexity seems to be a figment of our imaginations driven by taking the 'holistic' view." Similarly, because ecology (at least until recently) has maintained that "natural communities tend towards equilibrium" Soulé concludes "the science of ecology has been hoist on its own petard." In other words, ecologists have been misled by erroneously seeing what they assumed they would see.
Even as ecologists have, for the most part, abandoned the "balance of nature" thinking, it remains influential in popular thought and in agriculture. R. Ford Denison, in his book Darwinian Agriculture5, takes up this thread and asks the question, "Have ecosystem-level features, such as the mix of species and how they are distributed in space and time, been reliably improved by natural processes?" The answer is "no" according to Denison; natural communities have not been optimized and so we have no reason to mimic these communities in designing agricultural ecosystems. Because of this, Denison questions whether agroecologists, those for whom "the near-perfection of natural ecosystems is apparently the foundational hypothesis," are misguided in promoting certain practices based on this thinking. The evidence, according to Denison, does not support them.
In Darwinian Agriculture, Denison concludes that because "evolution has improved trees much more consistently than it has improved forests," we will find 'nature's wisdom' not in natural ecosystems, but in individual species, where natural selection has improved survival and reproduction. And by looking at adaptations in individual plants and animals, "we may be able to improve on nature."
I agree. If what we see in natural ecosystems is not optimized, but random (stochastic, say the ecologists), we should be able to do just as well or better. We can, with ingenuity, wisdom, and a good dose of humility, purposefully assemble systems that outperform natural ecosystems in providing both products and ecosystem services (Biology Fortified indeed). By taking advantage of individual species' properties and processes, and by managing abiotic conditions (soil physical and chemical properties and water levels, etc.) we can create designer agro-ecosystems, successful by criteria that matter in agriculture; productivity, efficiency, and stability. I propose that this is, in fact, what we have been doing all along (more on this in a followup post), and that the "balance of nature" has only been a distraction from our efforts to improve the sustainability of our agriculture, a distraction that should be decisively cast aside.
<![if !supportLists]>1. <![endif]>Marris, E. (2013). Rambunctious Garden: Saving Nature in a Post-Wild World. Bloomsbury Publishing USA.
<![if !supportLists]>2. <![endif]>Soulé, Michael. 1995. "The Social Siege of Nature." In Reinventing Nature? Responses to postmodern deconstruction. eds. M.E. Soule and G. Lease. Washington: Island Press.
<![if !supportLists]>3. <![endif]>Drury, W.H. 1998. Chance and Change: Ecology for Conservationists. Berkeley: University of California Press.
<![if !supportLists]>4. <![endif]>Kricher, J. (2009). The Balance of Nature: Ecology's Enduring Myth. Princeton University Press.
<![if !supportLists]>5. <![endif]>Denison, R. F. (2012). Darwinian Agriculture: How Understanding Evolution Can Improve Agriculture. Princeton University Press. (Denison's other main thesis in this book is that natural selection has left us few tradeoff-free opportunities for genetic improvement through genetic engineering. Full Disclosure – Denison served as my major professor in graduate school at UC-Davis.). His book blog.
http://www.biofortified.org/2014/03/dont-mimic-nature-improve-it/
Brown Mang
Monday, 21 April 2014
Friday, 18 April 2014
Ag Day focuses on First State farming
The free Saturday affair, which drew more than 10,000 visitors last year to the university's dairy farm, is a major annual undertaking by UD's College of Agriculture & Natural Resources.
This year marks the 37th Ag Day – a space where seven students, faculty and staff volunteers coordinate a livestock display with UD's animals, live bee demonstrations, free-flight bird shows, tree-climbing, tractor rides, farm tours, beehives, live music, 4-H arts and crafts, plant sales and 70 other hand-on exhibits and demonstrations – all to bring focus to agriculture's critical role in feeding a growing world population of 7 billion.
"The takeaway, I hope, is that they see that every meal you eat, whether it's a full meal or a snack, ties back to agriculture," said UD senior Maya Althouse, 22.
"A lot of people are very distant from livestock and the farming community," she said. "So I hope that Ag Day is a chance for them to see agriculture in any form – whether it's crop or meat or dairy, pest control, food science or the effect on wildlife or habitat, how that's very much a part of their lives as a consumer. And I hope they come away with a greater appreciation for the work and the science."
Farm science
"Feed the World, Protect the Planet," is the theme for this year's Ag Day, which brings an opportunity to showcase what the college is really about, said Renee Poole, a 23-year-old recent graduate-turned-supervisor at the UDairy Creamery.
"People don't think about where their food comes from and how the animals are treated," Poole said. "A lot of it deals with farming, but there's also a lot beyond the farm, like food science.
"People are really working hard on techniques to make food safer."
Mark Rieger, dean of the College of Agriculture & Natural Resources, reinforced the words of his current and former student advocates.
"We hope to be myth busters of sorts, we want them to walk away and shake their head and say, 'Wow, we didn't know that about the food we eat every day,' " Rieger said. "If they do that, then I'm really happy."
By 2050, the population is expected be between 9 billion and 10 billion, which will require at least 60 percent, and some say 100 percent, more food production, Rieger said. Take China and India, which one-third of the word's population calls home, he said. "They're developing a middle class quickly, and those people are going out and buying cars and buying meat and dairy."
Then comes demand to grow more livestock feed and an ever-growing need for employees in the agriculture arena.
"What it turns out to be is about two job opportunities for every graduate we can produce nationwide," Rieger said. The projection is for 50,000 to 55,000 jobs, he said, yet "there are only 29,000 graduates for agriculture and natural resources every year."
Big business
The big business of agriculture in the First State carries some compelling numbers with it, according to the University of Delaware and National Agricultural Statistics Service, such as:
• 13,919: Agricultural employment (including production and processing)
• $1.2 billion: The value of agricultural production (crops and livestock)
• $429 million: Value of crop production
• $854 million: Value of poultry/livestock production
• 508,654 acres: Land in farms and
• 2,457: Number of farms.
"The backbone of Delaware agriculture is the poultry industry, which provides thousands of jobs in production and processing," said Ed Kee, Delaware Secretary of Agriculture. "Related to that are our grain producers, growing corn and soybeans, which largely goes to poultry feed."
Sussex County is the No. 1 broiler producing county in the nation. Last year saw record corn yields, the largest since 2000, and fruit and vegetable growers also are thriving, Kee said, with Delaware a leader in lima bean production.
"In Delaware, we have a variety of programs, partnerships and initiatives to bring more people into agriculture and to strengthen the industry," Kee said, and "drawing the next generation of farmers into the field is important. ... We are addressing that through the state's Young Farmers Program."
Events like Ag Day are significant for Delawareans to learn more about farming and the role that agriculture plays in our lives, Kee said.
Brown Mang
This year marks the 37th Ag Day – a space where seven students, faculty and staff volunteers coordinate a livestock display with UD's animals, live bee demonstrations, free-flight bird shows, tree-climbing, tractor rides, farm tours, beehives, live music, 4-H arts and crafts, plant sales and 70 other hand-on exhibits and demonstrations – all to bring focus to agriculture's critical role in feeding a growing world population of 7 billion.
"The takeaway, I hope, is that they see that every meal you eat, whether it's a full meal or a snack, ties back to agriculture," said UD senior Maya Althouse, 22.
"A lot of people are very distant from livestock and the farming community," she said. "So I hope that Ag Day is a chance for them to see agriculture in any form – whether it's crop or meat or dairy, pest control, food science or the effect on wildlife or habitat, how that's very much a part of their lives as a consumer. And I hope they come away with a greater appreciation for the work and the science."
Farm science
"Feed the World, Protect the Planet," is the theme for this year's Ag Day, which brings an opportunity to showcase what the college is really about, said Renee Poole, a 23-year-old recent graduate-turned-supervisor at the UDairy Creamery.
"People don't think about where their food comes from and how the animals are treated," Poole said. "A lot of it deals with farming, but there's also a lot beyond the farm, like food science.
"People are really working hard on techniques to make food safer."
Mark Rieger, dean of the College of Agriculture & Natural Resources, reinforced the words of his current and former student advocates.
"We hope to be myth busters of sorts, we want them to walk away and shake their head and say, 'Wow, we didn't know that about the food we eat every day,' " Rieger said. "If they do that, then I'm really happy."
By 2050, the population is expected be between 9 billion and 10 billion, which will require at least 60 percent, and some say 100 percent, more food production, Rieger said. Take China and India, which one-third of the word's population calls home, he said. "They're developing a middle class quickly, and those people are going out and buying cars and buying meat and dairy."
Then comes demand to grow more livestock feed and an ever-growing need for employees in the agriculture arena.
"What it turns out to be is about two job opportunities for every graduate we can produce nationwide," Rieger said. The projection is for 50,000 to 55,000 jobs, he said, yet "there are only 29,000 graduates for agriculture and natural resources every year."
Big business
The big business of agriculture in the First State carries some compelling numbers with it, according to the University of Delaware and National Agricultural Statistics Service, such as:
• 13,919: Agricultural employment (including production and processing)
• $1.2 billion: The value of agricultural production (crops and livestock)
• $429 million: Value of crop production
• $854 million: Value of poultry/livestock production
• 508,654 acres: Land in farms and
• 2,457: Number of farms.
"The backbone of Delaware agriculture is the poultry industry, which provides thousands of jobs in production and processing," said Ed Kee, Delaware Secretary of Agriculture. "Related to that are our grain producers, growing corn and soybeans, which largely goes to poultry feed."
Sussex County is the No. 1 broiler producing county in the nation. Last year saw record corn yields, the largest since 2000, and fruit and vegetable growers also are thriving, Kee said, with Delaware a leader in lima bean production.
"In Delaware, we have a variety of programs, partnerships and initiatives to bring more people into agriculture and to strengthen the industry," Kee said, and "drawing the next generation of farmers into the field is important. ... We are addressing that through the state's Young Farmers Program."
Events like Ag Day are significant for Delawareans to learn more about farming and the role that agriculture plays in our lives, Kee said.
Brown Mang
MSU STUDY SHOWS CHANGES IN FARMING PRACTICES COULD HELP ENVIRONMENTAL STABILITY
By changing row-crop management practices in economically and environmentally stable ways, U.S. farms could contribute to improved water quality, biological diversity, and soil fertility while helping to stabilize the climate, according to an article in the May issue of BioScience.
Thursday, 17 April 2014
Sunday, 13 April 2014
Thursday, 10 April 2014
Tuesday, 8 April 2014
Wednesday, 2 April 2014
Understanding plant-soil interaction could lead to new ways to combat weeds
Using high-powered DNA-based tools, a recent study at the University of Illinois identified soil microbes that negatively affect ragweed and provided a new understanding of the complex relationships going on beneath the soil surface between plants and microorganisms.
Tuesday, 1 April 2014
Monday, 31 March 2014
Sunday, 30 March 2014
Manure storage and getting through the winter.
livestock farms under the NPDES permit system are required to have manure storage systems emptied down to the point of having 6 months of available storage sometime between the November 1 and December 31. This available volume also has to include freeboard and expected precipitation. The storage does not have to be empty, just emptied down enough to have the estimated 6 months of storage, which may mean being empty for some farms.
The concept is good advice for all livestock farms but calendar dates do not provide any promise the weather will cooperate. But the requirement does reduce the need to spread manure during the winter. In general, winter manure is surface applied and surface applications during the winter are vulnerable to random weather conditions; the worst being rain on frozen ground or snow melting so fast that runoff occurs before the ground can thaw and take in the moisture and manure. Winter applications not only have to be concerned with the weather and soil conditions the day of spreading and several days after, but also several months later when thaw occurs.
One way to reduce the risks of manure applications is to avoid winter application. And one way to achieve that is to have manure storage systems emptied down in the fall to the point of having the storage capacity to get through till spring without having to haul manure.
The rain and snow events that have already occurred this fall have made have made empting manure storages very challenging to say the least. Given the wet field conditions across the state there will not be many spreading days left until winter sets in. Those farms needing to haul additional manure before spring do have options.
It is still legal to winter spread manure in Michigan, as long as it does not reach waters of the state via runoff, rain or snowmelt any time after application. Permitted farms are required to utilize the manure application risk indicator (MARI) to determine which fields are acceptable for winter spreading and which ones to avoid. This spreadsheet can be helpful to any size farm and can be found at www.maeap.org and search for MARI. This spreadsheet helps you look at soil type, slope, rate of manure, distance to waters and other factors that are important in estimating and reducing the risk of manure running off in the winter.
Research at the University of Wisconsin has shown that fall applications, ahead of winter snow events, are generally safer for water quality than manure applied in the winter months, and especially manure applied onto snow covered fields. For a recorded webcast on their research, visit http://www.extension.org/pages/60034/spreading-manure-in-winter-what-are-the-risks.
Brown Mang
The concept is good advice for all livestock farms but calendar dates do not provide any promise the weather will cooperate. But the requirement does reduce the need to spread manure during the winter. In general, winter manure is surface applied and surface applications during the winter are vulnerable to random weather conditions; the worst being rain on frozen ground or snow melting so fast that runoff occurs before the ground can thaw and take in the moisture and manure. Winter applications not only have to be concerned with the weather and soil conditions the day of spreading and several days after, but also several months later when thaw occurs.
One way to reduce the risks of manure applications is to avoid winter application. And one way to achieve that is to have manure storage systems emptied down in the fall to the point of having the storage capacity to get through till spring without having to haul manure.
The rain and snow events that have already occurred this fall have made have made empting manure storages very challenging to say the least. Given the wet field conditions across the state there will not be many spreading days left until winter sets in. Those farms needing to haul additional manure before spring do have options.
It is still legal to winter spread manure in Michigan, as long as it does not reach waters of the state via runoff, rain or snowmelt any time after application. Permitted farms are required to utilize the manure application risk indicator (MARI) to determine which fields are acceptable for winter spreading and which ones to avoid. This spreadsheet can be helpful to any size farm and can be found at www.maeap.org and search for MARI. This spreadsheet helps you look at soil type, slope, rate of manure, distance to waters and other factors that are important in estimating and reducing the risk of manure running off in the winter.
Research at the University of Wisconsin has shown that fall applications, ahead of winter snow events, are generally safer for water quality than manure applied in the winter months, and especially manure applied onto snow covered fields. For a recorded webcast on their research, visit http://www.extension.org/pages/60034/spreading-manure-in-winter-what-are-the-risks.
Brown Mang
Observation of calcium in canola meal in pig diets
When formulating diets for pigs, it is more accurate to use values for standardized or true nutrient digestibility than values for apparent nutrient digestibility because the former are additive in mixed diets.
Research at the University of Illinois is helping to determine the true digestibility of calcium in swine diets. Hans Stein, a professor of animal sciences at the U of I, led the team that conducted the study.
Research at the University of Illinois is helping to determine the true digestibility of calcium in swine diets. Hans Stein, a professor of animal sciences at the U of I, led the team that conducted the study.
Thursday, 27 March 2014
Tuesday, 25 March 2014
Commission proposes new organic farming rules
The European Commission today (25 March) unveiled plans to improve organic food production and the labelling of organic products. But there are concerns that the proposal does not go far enough to boost a sector that has quadrupled in size in the past ten years.
Saturday, 22 March 2014
The answer to food poverty does not lie in making foods cheaper.... Take time to read this
A specialist in food ethics at Harper Adams University has warned that in order to sustainably feed a growing population into the future, the days of cheap food must draw to a close.
Increases in the number of people who experience food poverty and regularly go without food could be said to be a result of welfare reforms being enacted during the current recession. But Ralph Early, Head of the
Increases in the number of people who experience food poverty and regularly go without food could be said to be a result of welfare reforms being enacted during the current recession. But Ralph Early, Head of the
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